A complex emergency is a – often protracted - situation in which multiple factors, such as war, conflict, displacement, natural disasters or human-made disasters, and other crises, converge to create a multifaceted and challenging humanitarian situation. These emergencies are frequently characterized by a high level of violence, political instability, total or considerable breakdown of governmental authority, social disruption, and economic decline, and can lead to widespread displacement and suffering among affected populations.
Complex humanitarian emergencies are often marked by multiple and interrelated problems, such as:
- Conflict and violence: Ongoing armed conflict or political violence can lead to displacement, insecurity, and loss of life.
- Displacement: Forced displacement, whether due to conflict, persecution, or natural disasters, can create significant challenges for those affected, including loss of access to basic services and social networks.
- Food insecurity, malnutrition and hunger: Disrupted access to food and water can lead to malnutrition and other health issues, particularly among vulnerable groups such as children and the elderly.
- Health crises: Epidemics and disease outbreaks can spread rapidly in conditions of displacement, crowding, and poor sanitation.
- Economic turmoil: Disruption to markets and the economy can lead to widespread unemployment, poverty, and socioeconomic hardship.
Addressing such complex emergencies requires a comprehensive and multi-sectoral approach, involving a range of actors, including governments, United Nations agencies, and non-governmental organizations.